I don't see any way you can leave an unpowered preamp in line and have much of any signal make it through. I have a simiilar situation, so like you I want to minimize the number of times I have to take the darn thing down again. But in this case I think it's inevitable. Altho' the preamp works best closest to the antenna, the good news is that at least temporarily you could run an unbroken lead down from the antenna to where you can work on it, then do your experimentation there. When you find something that works then you can redo it properly.
The reception you described sounds to me as much like a multipath problem vs. outright signal strength. The meters in the receivers can't make any distinction as they're generally not looking at actual RF ss but instead the the bit error rate. With multipath interference you seem to get all or nothing, and that can vary with the relative strengths of the interferring signals that will change with tree movement (wind), etc. You might try repointing the antenna first before you do anything else. If you can still receive an analog UHF signal (you'll need a different tuner, maybe the one in your TV?) from the same location and similar channel number, that could tell you a lot. Ghosting is the multipath indicator...