I actually recorded some HD feeds via firewire from an SA cable box on network stations (almost everything else had HDCP encryption copy once turned on) back when I had Comcast. They were MPEG-2, and exactly the same size as from over the air. MPEG-4 to me, on Dish anyways, look distinctly different than MPEG-2. Its softer but doesn't have giant blocks every during fast motion scenes.
I didn't know any cable systems used MPEG-4, however I'm sure that Comcast does not here. We are however still in the stone age here in NM they have maybe 30-35 HD channels on cable.
Cable uses QAM and Digital QAM standards:
Like all modulation schemes, QAM conveys data by changing some aspect of a carrier signal, or the carrier wave, (usually a sinusoid) in response to a data signal. In the case of QAM, the amplitude of two waves, 90 degrees out-of-phase with each other (in quadrature) are changed (modulated or keyed) to represent the data signal. Amplitude modulating two carriers in quadrature can be equivalently viewed as both amplitude modulating and phase modulating a single carrier.
Phase modulation (analog PM) and phase-shift keying (digital PSK) can be regarded as a special case of QAM, where the magnitude of the modulating signal is a constant, with only the phase varying. This can also be extended to frequency modulation (FM) and frequency-shift keying (FSK), for these can be regarded as a special case of phase modulation.